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Insula (building)
In Roman architecture, an ''insula'' (Latin for "island," plural ''insulae'') was a kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the ''plebs'') and all but the wealthiest from the upper-middle class (the ''equites''). The traditional elite and the very wealthy lived in a ''domus'', a large single-family residence, but the two kinds of housing were intermingled in the city and not segregated into separate neighborhoods.〔Gregory S. Aldrete, ''Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome'', (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), p. 213 (online. )〕 The ground-level floor of the ''insula'' was used for ''tabernae'', shops and businesses, with the living space upstairs. Like modern apartment buildings, an ''insula'' might have a name, usually referring to the owner of the building.〔Names known from inscriptions or literary sources include Bolaniana, Sertoriana, Vitaliana, Eurcapriana, Felicles or Felicula, Cuminiana, and Arriana Polliana; Hendrik H. J. Brouwer, ''Bona Dea: The Sources and a Description of the Cult'' (Brill, 1989), pp. 26_27 (online. )〕
==Construction==
Strabo notes that ''insulae'', like ''domus'', had running water and sanitation. But this kind of housing was sometimes constructed at minimal expense for speculative purposes, resulting in ''insulae'' of poor construction. They were built in timber, mud brick, and later primitive concrete, and were prone to fire and collapse, as described by Juvenal, whose satiric purpose in writing should be taken into account. Among his many business interests, Marcus Licinius Crassus speculated in real estate and owned numerous ''insulae'' in the city. When one collapsed from poor construction, Cicero purportedly stated that Crassus was happy that he could charge higher rents for a new building than the collapsed one.〔Aldrete, Gregory "The Roman City p 80〕
Living quarters were typically smallest in the building's uppermost floors, with the largest and most expensive apartments being located on the bottom floors. The ''insulae'' could be up to six or seven stories high, and despite height restrictions in the Imperial era, a few reached eight or nine stories.〔http://heritage-key.com/rome/roman-living-inside-insula〕 The notably large ''Insula Felicles'' or ''Felicula'' was located near the Flaminian Circus in Regio IX; the early Christian writer Tertullian condemns the hubris of multiple-story buildings by comparing the Felicles to the towering homes of the gods.〔Tertullian, ''Against the Valentinians'' 7, as cited by John W. Humphrey, John P. Oleson, and Andrew N. Sherwood, ''Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook'' (Routledge, 1998), p. 256 (online ); Lawrence Richardson, ''A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 209. Jerome Carcopino hyperbolically calls it a "sky-scraper" in his classic work ''Daily Life in Ancient Rome'', pp. 26 and 28 (online ) in an unknown edition.〕 A single ''insula'' could accommodate over 40 people in only ; however, the entire structure usually had about 6 to 7 apartments, each had about 1000 sq ft
Because of safety issues and extra flights of stairs, the uppermost floors were the least desirable, and thus the cheapest to rent. Often those floors were without heating, running water or lavatories, which meant their occupants had to use Rome's extensive system of public restrooms ''(latrinae''). Despite prohibitions, residents would sometimes dump trash and human excrement out the windows and into the surrounding streets and alleys.
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